The Battery Management System (BMS) is the core brain of energy management for new energy vehicles, responsible for executing all critical monitoring, computing, control, and communication tasks. Its functionality and technical details directly determine the performance, safety, and lifespan of the battery system. The BMS controller mainly includes core functions such as battery status monitoring, battery status estimation, battery protection and control, battery balancing, thermal management, communication and data exchange, as well as data storage and recording.

The Vehicle Control Unit (VCU) is the "brain" of new energy vehicles, responsible for coordinating power systems, energy management, driving modes, and safety control. It is the core decision-making unit of the vehicle's electronic and electrical architecture. Mainly responsible for vehicle energy management and optimization, driving mode and power control, as well as system safety monitoring and fault handling